Principles of Sterilisation in Microbiology

Principles of Sterilisation in Microbiology Moist and dry heat How are microorganisms destroyed by moist heat? By dry heat? Moist: Destroys the structure and organisms by destroying with heat. The combination of steam and pressure, the temperature is usually 121 °C and 15 lbs. per inch for thirty minutes. Dry: Kills organisms using oxidation methods. Most resistant of the spores requires a temperature of 121 °C for around two hours Are some microorganisms more resistant to heat than others? Why? Endospores are extremely resistant to heat because they have a tougher coat and a low moisture content. Additionally, they have a large amount of calcium and dipicolinic acid that helps to protect them from heat. Is moist heat more effective than dry heat? Why? The National Library of Medicine states, â€Å"Moist heat penetrates faster than dry heat† (Medicine, 2015). Moist heat penetrates the molecules, additionally, the water molecules conduct heat much better than air. Why does dry heat require higher temperatures for longer time periods to sterilize than does moist heat? Because water is a better conductor than air, therefore the dry heat does not penetrate as well. What is the relationship of time to temperature in heat sterilization? Explain. Basically the higher the temperature the less time needed. The autoclave Define the principles of sterilization with an autoclave and with a dry heat oven. An autoclave sterilizes using high pressurized steam heat that is made by high temperature boiling water and pressure. The steam vibrations destroy the microorganisms. Judelson states, â€Å"Autoclaving generally involves heating in saturated steam under a pressure of approximately 15 psi, to achieve a chamber temperature of a least 121 °C (250 °F)—but industry, other combinations of time and temperature are sometimes used† (Judelson, 2015). Dry heat ovens subject the microorganisms to high temperatures and destroy the bacteria’s by drying them out and basically sterilizing them from the outside to the inside by heat and no water. Unlike an autoclave which is one piece of equipment, dry heat can include a hot air oven, incineration, radiation, microwave, Bunsen burner and flaming. What pressure, temperature, and time are used in routine autoclaving? With the combination of steam and pressure, the temperature is usually at 121 °C and 15 lbs. per inch for thirty minutes (Kenneth Todar, 2015). What factors determine the time period necessary for steam-pressure sterilization? Dry-heat oven sterilization? The combination of temperature and time are what decides the actual time. Accordint to Mazhar Hussain, â€Å"The thermal death time is the time required to kill all the bacteria in a particular culture at a specified temperature. Both TDP and TDT are useful guidelines that indicate the severity of treatment required to kill a given population of bacteria† (Hussian, 2015). With dry heat the materials play an important factor. Why is it necessary to use bacteriologic controls to monitor heat- sterilization techniques? They are necessary to ensure that the autoclave is working properly and efficiently. They are place throughout the autoclave to ensure a complete testing of the autoclave. When running an endospore control of autoclaving technique, why is one endospore preparation incubated without heating? The control is used to ensure that the spores are destroyed effectively and that there are no problems with the machine. Primary media for isolation of microorganisms Define a differential medium and discuss its purpose. Morello taught us that a differential media has one or more components that are used by some types of microorganisms and yet not others. (Morello, Granato, Morton, 2013) This a will allow an individual to tell the differences of a colony based on the colonies characteristics (i.e. shape, color or pattern). Define a selective medium and describe its uses. Selective media choses one type of microorganisms and then suppresses the others while not inhibiting their ability to actually grow. MacConkey’s agar would be a selective media as it selects gram negative bacteria and yet inhibits gram positive bacteria. Why is MacConkey agar selective as well as differential? According to Austin Community College, â€Å"MacConkey Agar (MAC) is a selective and differential medium designed to isolate and differentiate enterics based on their ability to ferment lactose, by using bile salts and crystal violet inhibit the growth of Gram positive organisms and lactose provides a source of fermentable carbohydrate, allowing for differentiation† (ACC, 2015). Why is blood agar useful as a primary isolation medium? Blood agar would be a differential media because of its ability to destroy hemoglobin and red blood cells. What is the major difference between Modified Thayer-Martin (MTM) and chocolate agar? When would you use MTM rather than chocolate agar? Modified Thayer-Martin is a selective medium that is for gram negative microorganisms that has both a medium and antibiotics, whereas chocolate agar is a non-selective medium. Modified Thayer-Martin is only used when the culture ordered is from the genital area or for sexually transmitted diseases, whereas chocolate is used for many different types of cultures. Metabolic activities of bacteria What is the color of phenol red at an acid pH? Yellow is the color below 7.0 pH. What is the function of a Durham tube? A Durham tube contains a small inverted tube that is used for trapping the gasses that are formed when the broth inside is incubated. (Morello, Granato, Morton, 2013) Why is iodine used to detect starch hydrolysis? When the iodine dissolves with a solution of potassium, it will to turn a purple or blackish color due to the interaction with starch. How is indole produced in SIM medium? How is it detected? Hardy Diagnostics states, â€Å"The ingredients in SIM Medium enable the determination of three activities by which enteric bacteria can be differentiated; sodium thiosulfate and ferrous ammonium sulfate are indicators of hydrogen sulfide production and the ferrous ammonium sulfate reacts with H2S gas to produce ferrous sulfide, a black precipitate, additionally the casein peptone is rich in tryptophan, which is attacked by certain microorganisms resulting in the production of indole† (Diagnostics, 2015). Following the incubation period, the indole is detected with the addition of the reagents. Therefore the detection of the motility is due to the semisolid nature of the medium. How is hydrogen sulfide demonstrated in this medium? The hydrogen sulfide is detected after the production of ferrous sulfide when ferrous ammonium sulfate has reacted with H2S gas. What is the advantage of viewing mold structures in a transparent tape preparation? Southern University of Illinois states, â€Å"The advantage of transparent tape preparation is it allows the fungal structures to be viewed without disrupting the characteristics of their morphology† (Illinois, 2015) What fungus can be identified reliably by using the germ tube test? Morello taught us that â€Å"Candida albicans is the most common yeast found using the germ test and is an important cause of human infection† (Morello, Granato, Morton, 2013) Name three stains or reagents that may be used to facilitate the microscopic detection of fungi in clinical samples. Potassium hydroxide Calcofluor white India Ink Wright, Giemsa, or Diff-Quikstains Gram stain What is the main advantage of using the slide culture technique for identifying molds? It is a fast way to prepare, identify and examine fungal colonies. It makes it easier to study with little disturbances. According to Amrita, â€Å"Fungi are identified mostly by close examination of its morphology and the characteristics it possess† (Amrita, 2015). What is an opportunistic pathogen? Name three fungal specimens. It is a pathogen that takes advantage of an individual that has a compromised immunity system. Candidiasis, Apergillosis and Cryptococcosis Protozoa and animal parasites Describe the basic structures of protozoa. Can these same structures be seen in bacteria using a light microscope? The structure of protozoa is a single celled organisms with a true nucleus with chromosomes and surrounded by a membranous envelope. Additionally, Professor Anderson of Columbia University states, â€Å"They also have other internal cellular structures known as organelles that perform the many physiological functions needed to maintain the life of the organism and these organelles include mitochondria that break down nutrient molecules during respiration to produce energy for the cell† (Anderson, 2015). Are any parasitic diseases directly communicable from person to person? If so, how are they transmitted? What kinds of precautions should be taken in caring for persons with directly transmissible parasitic infections? Yes, but most have to have a host to be transferred. Lice for and an example is a parasite that can jump from one individual to another. Additionally, if someone is infected and does not use proper cleaning/washing of hands they can introduce a parasite through the preparation of food. Washing of hands and using precautionary techniques is the best way to prevent the contamination or spreading of parasites. What parasitic forms can be seen in the feces of a patient with hookworm? Eggs can be seen in hookworm, Eggs and body parts can be seen in tapeworm, in cryptosporidiosis the parasite can be seen, in trichinosis, the doctor will look for the antibodies of the roundworm. (Merck, 2015) What parasitic forms can be seen in the blood of a patient with African sleeping sickness? Filariasis? Amebiasis? In the blood of an individual with African sleeping sickness, the T. b. rhodesiense parasites can be found. In Filariasis, According to The Center for Disease Control (CDC), â€Å"The adult worms only live in the human lymph system† (CDC, 2015). For Amebiasis The Center for Disease Control also states that, â€Å"Diagnosis can be difficult because other parasites can look very similar toE. histolyticawhen seen under a microscope† (CDC, 2015), but the cysts can be seen in the stools/feces of an infected person. What is meant by the â€Å"life cycle† of a parasite? What importance does it have to those who take care of patients with parasitic diseases? The life cycle depends on the parasite, there are stages, the parasite infects a host, feeds off of the host and lays eggs. Sometimes the eggs hatch and sometimes the y turn into cysts. The eggs, cysts and sometimes parts of the body are then transferred out of the body through fecal matter, or sometimes infected blood. When this happens they then go onto the next host and the cycle repeats. The main importance is protection and cleanliness. Proper use of protective wear and then washing of the hands and any surfaces that may have been contaminated are the primary rules for the containment of spreading parasites. References ACC, A. C. (2015, January 13). Retrieved from http://www.austincc.edu/microbugz/macconkey_agar.php Amrita, U. o. (2015, January 13). Amrita. Retrieved from http://amrita.vlab.co.in/?sub=3brch=76sim=693cnt=2 Anderson, P. (2015, January 13). Retrieved from protozoa.uga.edu/education/students/for_students_sop_web_ora CDC. (2015, January 13). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/lymphaticfilariasis/ Diagnostics, H. (2015, January 13). Retrieved from https://catalog.hardydiagnostics.com/cp_prod/Content/hugo/SIMMedium.htm Hussian, M. (2015, January 12). Retrieved from http://microbiologyon-line.blogspot.com/2009_08_02_archive.html Illinois, S. U. (2015, January 13). Retrieved from http://www.siue.edu/~cbwilso/250myco1_032.htm Judelson, H. (2015, January 8). Retrieved from http://oomyceteworld.net/protocols/autoclave operation.pdf Kenneth Todar, P. (2015, January 8). Retrieved from http://textbookofbacteriology.net/control.html Medicine, N. L. (2015, January 12). Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3808259/ Merck. (2015, January 13). Retrieved from http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/parasitic_infections/hookworm_infection.html Morello, J., Granato, P., Morton, V. (2013). , Paul Granato, and Verna Morton. In Microbiology: Applications to Patient Care, 11th Editio (p. 111). McGraw-Hill.

Doctor Faustus Essay

Doctor Faustus, a talented German scholar who belittles the limits of human knowledge, believes that he has learned all that can be learned by conventional means. What is left for him, he thinks, but magic? He is offered a choice of Christian conscience by a good angel, and the path to damnation by an evil angel. Two fellow scholars, Valdes and Cornelius, teach him the fundamentals of black magic. Eventually, Faustus summons the devil Mephistopheles and the terms of their pact are agreed upon. In return for his immortal soul, Faustus will be granted twenty-four years of power, with Mephistopheles as his servant. In this play, the writer, Christopher Marlowe used symbolism through the play. Symbolism in general means the presentation of objects, moods and ideas through the medium of emblems or symbols. For example, When Faustus makes his pact with the devil, he signs it with his own blood. But as he goes to write, his blood thickens. That was a key moment in the play. Faustus wonders, â€Å"What might the staying of my blood portend? / Is it unwilling I should write this bill?† (2.1.62-63). He thinks since his blood is thickening and clotting it is some type of sign. At this point, Faustus believes his sticky blood is a symbol, a part of himself that’s unwilling to give it all up for the devil and also that Lucifer insists on having the document written in blood. To him, this blood represents Faustus’s person. If he has the blood, he has Faustus. So it’s a symbol to Lucifer, too. Without the blood, there’s nothing physical to represent Faustus’s soul. Then, at the end of the play, as he waits for death, Faustus cries out, â€Å"One drop of blood will save me. O, my Christ!†. Here, again, blood is a symbol of the whole person—Christ. Another example of symbolism that writer uses is when Faustus resolves to sell his soul to the devil in exchange for Mephistopheles, his decision to give it is not enough. Instead, Mephistopheles tells him, â€Å"thou must bequeath it solemnly/And write a deed of gift with thine own blood;/Fo r the security craves Lucifer† (2.1.333-35). This meant that Dr. Faustus has to sign over his soul in a written contact. Faustus does as Lucifer asks, which was writing a contract that’s gives ownership of his soul to Lucifer in exchange for twenty-four years of having Mephistopheles around to boss. In legal terminology, this contact is called a â€Å"deed of gift,† It becomes the symbol  of Faustus’s decision to serve the devil; and since some definitions of sin state it as just that the decision to serve the devil instead of God, it also becomes a symbol of sin more generally. The contract is terrifying because it was actually real. It was made of paper and blood, and Faustus and Mephistopheles can see it and hold it in their hands. So while Faustus’s decision to serve the devil is not much more than an idea, this is an object that Lucifer can point to and say you belong to me. Faustus’s decision is put into document form to symbolize just how difficult, if not impossible, it will be Faustus to take back even if he really wants to. In conclusion, the writer, Christopher Marlowe used symbolism to his advantage which intensified the tragic appeal of this great drama.

The American Industial Revolution Period

The growth in large-scale industry and labor unions in the second half of the nineteenth century can be explained in many ways. Unlike earlier in the century, now there were broad markets, fast expansion in good economic times, thus causing a rise in demand for more goods. Additionally, new inventions with development in big business caused large scale industrialization to become possible. Lastly, companies† ability to employ mass numbers of people to work in their factories for cheap further encouraged industries† growth. With companies hiring people to do hard work for cheap, labor unions form. Generally, as industries grew and grew the working conditions for the workers got worse and worse, encouraging an increase and growth of labor unions. America was a growing country. The expansion west needed industrial recourses. The railroad itself encouraged the industries of steel, coal, wood, glass and rubber. The expansion west was not the only thing that encouraged the growth of industry, good economic times and a rise in population fueled the growth of industry. People would want more â€Å"stuff† and houses would need to be built as well as highrise buildings in urban centers to accommodate the density of people in the cities. All these factors caused a rise in demand for industrial goods in a large market. There is more reason, though, that large-scale industries were growing. New inventions helped a great deal in making the large-scale manufacturing of industrial goods possible. The Bessemer process, for example, helped the manufacturing of steel in the steel industry, made it possible to produce large quantities of steel in a relatively short period of time. The invention of electric power by Thomas Edison allowed factory machinery to be run by electricity, cutting the cost of employing people to run the machinery while increasing the productivity of the machines. Always increasing productivity, these inventions and others like it were essential to progression of big industry. these were harnessed and effectively put into use by big businesses. Big businesses were the economic powers behind the growth of their industries. With corporations, unlike earlier, businesses could outlive their founders so that they could be allowed to thrive without having to worry and the death of the founder because with shares in the stock market, people could own parts of the company, there was never one person who was the sole owner. Additionally, in the late nineteenth century, there weren†t regulations which allowed the businesses to grow in ways which it wouldn†t be allowed to grow today. Often times, vertical integration allowed several types of industries to be grouped under one big company thus securing their operation. All these things helped the businesses prosper. Since the big businesses were behind the large-scale industries, the industries prospered too. Essential to the growth of large scale industry are the workers. Between 1870 and 1890, 8 million immigrants came to America for a better life, they ended up working in factories. Unlike the native workers, the immigrants were willing to work for cheap. This let the industry cut the cost of employing workers, in fact, many industries went to European sources to find workers for more cheap labor. The native Americans who, generally, were driven from the countryside got the higher paying supervisory jobs in the industries. So this â€Å"pool† of labor further allowed the large scale industries to grow more. The working conditions in these industries were horrible. Cutting costs in an industry was a big deal. Unfortunately, most of the time, cutting costs meant long hours for the workers, lower wages and requirements on the amount of work you do in a day which was usually too much. Because of these bad conditions labor unions were formed to protest against them, but mostly to force the companies to higher wages, lower hours or better working conditions. Since workers were essential to the operation of the industries, the labor unions often organized strikes to demand change in wage, hours etc†¦ In 1877 when wages for the workers in the Baltimore and Ohio railroad were cut by 20% there was the first nationwide strike that set the path for an era of confrontation between labor unions and management. Often, federal troops and state militia intervened because the strikes got violent and the movement collapsed but sometimes strikes were successful. The industrial revolution between 1865 and 1900 set a period of economic growth. The success of this industrial growth was due to a combination of contributing factors. A rise in demand for industrial goods along with growth in big business were the essential things in causing the growth of large-scale industry. Additionally new inventions that helped the manufacturing of these goods and cheap labor encouraged further this growth. In the big picture, this industrialization of the country fueled the growth of it in area, in population and finally, in economy.

Interview With Pakistani Essay - 1595 Words

Interview With Pakistani Ethnology is the part of anthropology that focuses on the cultures of the world; its written results are published in ethnographies. While conducting my first ethnology I learned more about my friend Mohammed than I have learned about him in the seven years I have been acquainted with him. Moe works at a convenience store and gas station that I have been frequenting since before I was even old enough to have a car to fill up with gas. Moe is originally from Pakistan, he was born in the city of Karachi, but has been in this country for 20 years. His native language is Urdu. Moe is thirty-eight years old and is married with two children. Both of his children were also born in Pakistan and are now naturalized†¦show more content†¦The Muslims also have very important religious holidays like other religions of the world, perhaps the most important religious holiday for the Muslims is Ramadan. Ramadan is a month long period of fasting that comes once every lunar calendar. The fasting is observed from sunup to sundown and during this period no eating, sex or lying is allowed. During this time a Muslim must also give to others in the name of Islam. At the end of the period of Ramadan large celebrations occur with lots of giving and exchanging of food. This seems to be similar to the Christian Easter or Christmas. Islam seems to be a very interesting religion and I intend to study it further with the help of the Quran, the holy book of Islam, of which Moe gave me a copy as a gift. Anthropology defines social structure as the sum of the patterns of relationships in a society. Moe’s social structure is quite interesting, and is quite different from what we are used to here. Perhaps the difference that I found most interesting is that in Islam and his home country of Pakistan, marriage among first cousins is not only accepted but also actually quite common. Moe said that the Muslim majority â€Å"prefer inside the family marriage†, and that of his immediate family he is the only one to not have married inside the family. Both his father and brother had married cousins. Another commonality among the MuslimShow MoreRelatedLetter : Discrimination Claim Against Women s Centre1523 Words   |  7 PagesCLIENT MATER: Discrimination Claim against Women’s Centre I am writing in reply to the query you sent about a client named May Baloch who applied for a job as a counsellor at the local women’s centre. She was well qualified for the job, but at the interview the manager said they were looking for someone from Pakistan. She did eventually find a job two weeks later, which paid the same salary. 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The Becoming Of An Epic Hero - 1240 Words

Emilio Mencia Miss Sibbach English IV 10 December,2014 The Becoming Of an Epic Hero Beowulf became the epic hero he was, from his will for his love to succeed, his strength to never give up even if it meant death .He existed trying to become like his father or even to surpass him. He defeated the dragon and his pride lead him to his death, but he saved so many lives before his inevitable demise. He gave his life for what he believed in, for honor, pride and for his people. Which in turn creates the next hero, Wiglaf who served Beowulf willing to give his life for him, and in the end he defeated the dragon alongside his hero and master Beowulf. Grendel stood as the first monster Beowulf fought with. Beowulf believed in fighting his oppents the way his opponents fought him, if his opponents had no weapons, he didn’t use any, if his opponents used weapons he did too. Beowulf believed that his strength matched Grendel’s and wanted to fight him without weapons and naked. The Danes before getting Beowulf, the townspeople offered Grendel offerings so he would kill, but he rejected it. â€Å"Beowulf summons even greater strength and rips Grendel’s arm completely out of its socket† (Beowulf 51).Beowulf left Grendel to baldy wounded, and Grendel died. Beowulf in this fight shows that he can defeat and isn’t scared of anything, he almost seems to exist as a god, and no normal man could have done what he did. â€Å"The narrator mentions that the trophy arm, which seems to be made of â€Å"barbedShow MoreRelatedThe Battle Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh931 Words   |  4 Pagesthis column, with Enkiduâ₠¬â„¢s injury being a clear indication of what is undoubtedly going to happen later in the poem. Column VI of the Epic of Gilgamesh begins with Enkidu seeking reassurance and support from Gilgamesh in the lack of a God’s presence. 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Odysseus qualifies as an epic hero because , like all epic heroes, Odysseus undertakes a long, dangerous

Analysis Of John Milton s Paradise Lost - 1243 Words

Within holy heaven, Satan infuses the sin of pride into the atmosphere by raising up against God, the King of all authority. Such opposition meets the Lord of all who casts this arrogant angel down into the depths of hell—a place where evil abounds. This opposition proves only the beginning of ensuing war which will intensify until God silences it in the depths of hell. In Paradise Lost, John Milton uncovers the brewing embers of this war right from its first spark. Milton expounds upon the fall of Satan with the intent of giving his readers a taste of the tension which this war between God and Satan gives. This taste will spark an understanding within the readers’ mind of the presence of this ongoing present war. Throughout this piece of†¦show more content†¦With evil and rebellious pride intertwined, Satan will and can never consider untangling these fibers but will strengthen them through his resolve to war. Satan’s fall from his rank of esteem transf ormed him into the antithesis of evil. As a fallen creature of God, Satan no longer loves holiness and righteousness. Instead, he wars against anything that reflects the pure character of God. Since Satan’s character opposes the character of God, Milton coined the name, â€Å"Apostate Angel,† to denote his enmity against God (1.125). In every aspect of his mindset, actions, and motives, Satan acts in opposition to the manner that God acts. Essentially, the enmity seeps down to the very core and essence of Satan’s being. Not one fiber of Satan’s being desires to do good but only evil. Satan’s new fallen character gives allegiance only to strengthening and carrying out of evil. For all eternity, Satan wars against God by twisting and seeking to destroy the will of God. Not even for a moment will Satan rest from pursuit this goal. All of Satan’s energies, â€Å"must be to pervert that end†Ã¢â‚¬â€the will of God which triumphs over his o pposing will (1.164). Such opposition from God only intensifies Satan’s fury to continue to oppose God’s winning will. Every time God executes his will, Satan seeks to divert it through his many tactics. Whenever Satan attacks the will of God, God carries his will through despite the onslaughts. Despite this fact, Satan moved

Managing Social Responsibility

Question: Describe about the Report for Managing Social Responsibility. Answer: Introduction This assignment is about managing social responsibility within organizations. In this study, the notion of privacy has been discussed and its importance in an employer-employee relationship. Presently the majority of the organizations have developed an efficient monitoring system to keep track of the activities of the employees. However, it gives rise to various ethical issues. All these problems associated with employee surveillance system have been discussed in this assignment. In order to mitigate these dysfunctional outcomes related to monitoring activities, managers have developed various strategies. All these strategies are also discussed in this section. Importance of privacy in employer-employee relation As Sparrow and Cooper (2012) stated that, privacy is the word used when an individual is able to keep certain information secret. Privacy also means doing things without the interferences of others. In the case of workplace privacy, employers always try to access personal information about employees. As Levinson (2012) mentioned that, due to the sensitivity of the information, the employees always need to keep them private. For this reason, employers need to think a way to collect or disclose that information from employees. There are various legislations and policies have been developed in different countries to provide the necessary protection of privacy of employees from their employers. As Mello (2012) stated that, laws related to privacy varies highly from one country to another. For example, the Commonwealth policy laws are not applicable to employee records. It is only applicable if personal information of employees is used for some purpose, which is not related to the employment relationship (Ball et al. 2012). There is various traits associated privacy protection that all employers need to remember while developing privacy policies. All these factors have been mentioned below: Drug and alcohol testing Employers, who have developed various drug and alcohol testing policies in their primary checking process, can certainly need to expect that some issues related to privacy will arise. There are various rules and boundaries related to drug and alcohol testing that an employers need to take care of (Snchez Abril et al. 2012). Searching Just simply mentioning that properties of employees are the subject of search does not preclude the right of employee's right in all areas of the country. As Hastedt (2012) stated that, it is crucial for employees to determine what they can search such as lockers, lunchboxes, and desks. They also need to describe the circumstances under which the search can take place. As Frone (2013) mentioned that employers need to communicate with employees to analyze their point of view about privacy. Electronic workplace privacy There is various software has been developed that can keep a record of keystrokes, time of starting works and data entry errors to gather information in the electronic workplace (Macdonald and Roman 2012). There are various other technologies used by organizations, such as barcode measurement system that can effectively measure the productivity of employees. Ethical issues related with monitoring of employee activities Monitoring private practices of employee activities give rise to various ethical issues. These issues have been mentioned below: Ethical dilemma in technology usage There is different software and hardware have been developed to monitor the activities of employees. They can track the login details internet usage, software installation and much other information (Mello 2012). It has been found that 30% of organizations terminate their employees for internet usage. For example, the company Dow Chemical has terminated 200 employees for storing pornography. The company, New York Times, terminates 20 employees for sending in-appropriate e-mail messages. Implementation of these monitoring systems decreases job satisfaction (Frone 2013). Rise of questions related to authenticity Monitoring activity of employees gives rise to questions related to authenticity. There are various debates have been developed related in favor of employee privacy. However, there are various laws have been established Workplace fairness act and National work rights to maintain privacy of employees (Hastedt 2012). However, it gives rise to confusion in the mind of employers and employees. Employees are not able to understand their exact limit at the workplace, which decreases their performance (Mello 2012). Legal issues and employee turnover As Macdonald and Roman (2012) stated that, new technologies give rise to new rules. Legal acts have been developed both for and against employee monitoring. As Levinson (2012) stated that monitoring employees are not illegal in current business condition. That does not mean that employers can gain access to all the information of employees without any legal boundaries. Various laws such as National Labor Relation Act can protect employees from employer's monitoring system (Hastedt 2012). In addition, employers need to understand that, excessive monitoring of employees can increase the turnover rate of an organization (Ball et al. 2012). Strategies adopted by managers to avoid dysfunctional outcome of employee monitoring activity It has been found that employee-monitoring activity can give rise to various legal and ethical issues. It can decrease employee satisfaction and increase employee turnover rate. Hence, in order to mitigate any dysfunctional outcome arise due to employee monitoring, there are some strategies, which a manager can adopt. Development of a legal agreement about monitoring At the time employee selection, a company should develop a legal agreement with their employees, which they will frequently be monitored. For example, the company Celeste O'Keefe has developed an agreement with its employees that their internet usage from office computers will be monitored during office hours (Hastedt 2012). Mentioning date and time of drug and alcohol testing previously Sudden checking off or monitoring employees for drug and alcohol test can create a moral problem and affect employee performance as well. As Sparrow and Cooper (2012) stated that, it can make employees feel that, the company has no trust in them. For this reason, a manager needs to make employees understand the necessity of drug and alcohol testing. Mentioning the date and time for this testing can help the manager to control any dysfunctional outcome of the monitoring system. Conclusion In conclusion, it can be stated that, with the increase of competition, theft and scam in the present market situation, it has become necessary for every organization to track the performance of every employee. However, that does not mean that employers have the authority to have all the private information of employees. They have to remember that; their monitoring system will give rise to various questions related to business ethics. Hence, the managers of an organization need to develop effective and legal monitoring activity so that any dysfunctional outcome can be resisted Reference list Ball, K., Daniel, E.M. and Stride, C., 2012. Dimensions of employee privacy: an empirical study.Information Technology People,25(4), pp.376-394. Frone, M.R., 2013.Alcohol and illicit drug use in the workforce and workplace. American Psychological Association. Hastedt, M., Herre, S., Pragst, F., Rothe, M. and Hartwig, S., 2012. Workplace alcohol testing program.Alcohol and alcoholism,47(2), pp.127-132. Levinson, A.R., 2012. Toward a cohesive interpretation of the electronic communications privacy act for the electronic monitoring of employees. West Virginia Law Review,114(5), pp.461-470. Macdonald, S. and Roman, P., 2012.Drug testing in the workplace(Vol. 11). Springer Science Business Media. Mello, J.A., 2012. Social Media, Employee Privacy and Concerted Activity: Brave New World or Big Brother?.Labor Law Journal,63(3), pp.165-170. Snchez Abril, P., Levin, A. and Del Riego, A., 2012. Blurred boundaries: Social media privacy and the twenty first century employee.American Business Law Journal,49(1), pp.63-124. Sparrow, P. and Cooper, C.L., 2012.The employment relationship: Key challenges for HR. Routledge.